What is Panic Attack?
A panic attack is an episode of intense fear and anxiety that occurs unexpectedly. During an attack, the person may think they are having a heart attack, going crazy, or dying. Attacks typically last 10-20 minutes and resolve on their own.
What Are the Symptoms?
The following symptoms may occur during a panic attack:
- •Palpitations or rapid heartbeat
- •Sweating
- •Trembling or shaking
- •Shortness of breath or feeling of suffocation
- •Chest pain or chest pressure
- •Nausea or abdominal pain
- •Dizziness, lightheadedness, or feeling faint
- •Chills or hot flashes
- •Numbness or tingling
- •Feelings of unreality or detachment from self
- •Fear of losing control or going crazy
- •Fear of dying
How Does a Panic Attack Occur?
A panic attack occurs when the brain's threat detection mechanism gives a false alarm. The "fight or flight" response is activated and the body goes into alarm mode even when there is no danger. The person interprets bodily symptoms as dangerous, which further increases anxiety, creating a vicious cycle.
What is Panic Disorder?
Recurring panic attacks and constant worry about future attacks (anticipatory anxiety) indicate panic disorder. The person begins to change their behavior out of fear of having another attack.
Agoraphobia
Panic disorder is frequently accompanied by agoraphobia — the avoidance of places where one might not be able to escape or get help if a panic attack occurs. Crowded places, public transportation, enclosed spaces, or leaving home alone become difficult for these individuals.
How Common is Panic Disorder?
It occurs in 3-4% of the population. It usually begins between ages 20-35 and is 2-3 times more common in women than in men.
What Causes It?
Imbalances in brain hormones and cognitive misinterpretation play important roles in the development of panic disorder. Stressful life events, genetic predisposition, and certain personality traits are also triggering factors.
Treatment
Panic disorder treatment combines medication and psychotherapy. Medication should be continued for at least 1 year. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is highly effective for panic disorder. Learning to correctly interpret bodily sensations, breathing exercises, and gradual exposure techniques form the foundation of treatment.